Which of the following research designs have contributed the least in terms of effective technology for behavior change?

Group comparison designs have contributed the least in terms of effective technology for behavior change primarily because they focus on comparing the average responses of different groups rather than the individual responses of participants. This approach can sometimes obscure the nuances of behavior change for specific individuals, making it challenging to implement interventions that are tailored to meet individual needs.

In contrast, other designs, such as single-subject designs, ABAB designs, and multiple baseline designs, are more focused on individual behavior and allow practitioners to systematically evaluate the effects of interventions on specific behaviors. These designs provide clear insights into how individual behavior can change over time with various interventions, making them more effective for developing strategies that are personalized and can yield practical results in real-world settings.

By emphasizing the behavior of individuals over statistical comparisons between groups, these other methodologies offer richer data that can directly inform effective behavior change technologies. Therefore, while group comparison designs can provide useful information about general trends, they are less effective for the detailed, individualized behavior analysis needed for meaningful change in special education contexts.